Ingredients and their effects:

Colostrum,
also known colloquially as first milk, is a fluid produced by the mammary gland. In dogs, it is secreted in the two days immediately following birth.
It is a substance that contains large amounts of antibodies, proteins, and essential nutrients that help puppies develop their immune systems and obtain the substances necessary for survival in the first few days.
During the neonatal stage, the risk of death can be high. Therefore, the intake of colostrum by the mother is very important.
In special situations, for example, if the mother does not produce enough milk to ensure the survival of the puppies, it is advisable to give the puppies colostrum (which can be of various origins).

BOVINE COLOSTRUM FOR DOGS
Ideally, a puppy should suckle from its mother's breast for the first few hours after birth to obtain colostrum.
As a substitute, bovine colostrum is most commonly used in dogs due to its high concentration of immunoglobulins and other essential nutrients that can help maintain the health of puppies and weak animals.

The benefits of bovine colostrum for dogs include:
– increasing immune resistance
– promoting the growth and development of puppies

What is colostrum used for?
Colostrum is a source of carbohydrates, vitamins, proteins, fats, minerals, and antibodies.

PREBIOTICS
The prebiotic fiber triumvirate is:
– FRUIT OLIGOSACCHARIDES (FOS)
– INULIN
– MANNAN OLIGOSACCHARIDES (MOS) from brewer’s yeast

FOS, MOS and INULIN are dietary fibers, i.e. indigestible carbohydrates, of undisputed importance in human and animal nutrition.

From a chemical point of view, FOS and inulin are fructans (carbohydrates consisting of the repetition of fructose units) with a short chain (FOS) and a slightly longer chain (INULINA), which are particularly common in foods such as chicory and Jerusalem artichoke.

MOS are always dietary fiber, but consist of mannose repeats and originate mainly from the walls of yeast.

All three have a prebiotic effect, meaning they can provide health benefits by modulating the intestinal microbiota (FAO), the group of millions of microorganisms characteristic of the intestinal tract of various mammals. These microorganisms exert a beneficial and vital effect on the health of the host.

Several studies repeatedly point to a symbiosis between maintaining health and maintaining the balance of the gut microbiota.
How does prebiotic fiber positively affect the microbiota?
Humans and mammals, including dogs and cats, lack all the enzymes necessary to break down plant fiber (such as fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) in their intestinal tract. Therefore, once ingested and reaching the small intestine, it is no longer digestible. It is fermented by the bacteria of the large intestinal microbiota, exerting a positive effect on the abundance of specific groups of bacteria with beneficial effects (e.g., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium). This action leads to positive effects on multiple functions, such as intestinal motility, cellular integrity, and microbial biochemical networks.

Several studies have shown that incorporating fructo-oligosaccharides into a dog's diet leads to improved digestion of various minerals and an increase in bifidobacteria, one of the beneficial microorganisms that actually colonize both the human and canine intestines and play a key role, including in modulating the immune system and digestive functions.

However, the prebiotic mechanism of action of MOS appears to be different. Various studies have highlighted its ability to selectively bind to receptors in the intestinal wall, rendering it inaccessible to pathogenic bacteria and stimulating the growth of "good" bacteria.

PROBIOTICA
– LACTOBACILLUS HELVETICUS
– LACTOBACILLUS PARACASEI

What are probiotics?
These are microorganisms capable of colonizing the host's intestine, exerting a beneficial effect. Adhesion of the probiotic microorganism to the host's intestinal mucosa is considered a crucial step for colonization and subsequent interaction with the host epithelium and its immune system. Indeed, both pathogenic and commensal microorganisms express various adhesin molecules on their surface, allowing them to bind to various surfaces within the host. Therefore, when selecting microorganism strains with probiotic activity, they must be characterized by a high ability to adhere to the intestine.

Probiotics can improve mucosal health through several mechanisms, including the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These are antimicrobial substances (a modulator of the immune response) that promote the competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria through their adhesion to the intestinal mucosa, improving epithelial barrier functions.

YANG® YEAST MIXTURE
This is a mixture of inactivated yeasts, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae (commonly known as brewer's yeast) and Cyberlindnera jadinii.
Yeasts are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that belong to the fungi kingdom.
Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), in particular, is widely used in animal nutrition due to its nutritional value, as it is rich in valuable macronutrients such as protein, but also trace elements such as selenium and chromium, B vitamins, and many other health-promoting substances.
The positive effects are primarily due to the richness of these nutrients.
Cyberlindnera jadinii is also a yeast that is widely used due to its nutritional value, as it is also rich in protein and vitamins.

PETMOD® – NUCLEOTIDES FROM BREWER’S YEAST
Nucleotides are the repeating units that make up nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

They consist of 3 components: a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine), a sugar with 5 carbon atoms, which together with the nitrogenous base forms the nucleoside, and one or more phosphate groups.

Some studies conducted on fish have shown that dietary incorporation of nucleotides has beneficial effects at the intestinal level, promoting growth and development.
For this reason, the demand for the use of nucleotides in animal feed is growing, with the goal of promoting normal immune function and intestinal health in companion animals as well.

PSYLLIUM HUSK POWDER
The seeds of the psyllium plantain (Plantago psyllium) are a plant in the Plantaginaceae family. It is known for its soothing and soothing properties on the digestive system, particularly at the intestinal level. Due to the presence of mucilage on the surface of the seeds, this swells upon contact with water, increasing in volume and forming a gel capable of increasing the volume of fecal matter and softening its contents. Psyllium is therefore very beneficial for normal intestinal transit. Psyllium also contains fiber, which acts as a prebiotic for the well-being of the intestinal flora.

MACA TUBBER POWDER
Maca (Lepidium meyeni) is a plant in the Brassicaceae family, also known as Andean ginseng. Its roots contain important nutrients essential to the body. It is rich in essential amino acids (such as isoleucine, lysine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, and phenylalanine), which make up about 10% of the total, and contains a high concentration of mineral salts (iron, manganese, zinc, calcium, and phosphorus), as well as vitamins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and fiber.

Thanks to the components of its phytocomplex, maca has a tonic-adaptogenic effect. This means it is able to non-specifically support the body's resistance and defenses against various physical and mental stress factors.

These invigorating and energizing properties are due to its effect on glycogenesis (the production of glucose from energy reserves) during physical activity. Rich in vitamins A, C, and B vitamins, as well as calcium, iron, and zinc, it also has a positive effect on the nervous system.

Note:
LactoAdapt® PUPPY is a dietary supplementary feed for puppies and kittens.

Ingredients:
Refined vegetable oils (from sunflower), inactivated yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cyberlindnera jadinii), fructose, carob flour, hydrolyzed animal proteins (from poultry), yeast products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (mannan-oligosaccharides / MOS), bovine colostrum milk powder 4%, mono-, di- and triglycerides of fatty acids, banana flour, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin from chicory, psyllium husk powder, maca tuber powder, nucleotides, inactivated bacteria and their components (Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium spp.), sodium chloride, yeast products (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Technological additives:
Colloidal silica.

Average content per 1 gram of paste (equivalent to 1 cm of paste):
Inactivated yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cyberlindnera jadinii) 125 mg, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast products (mannan oligosaccharides, MOS) 75 mg, bovine colostrum powder (colostrum) 40 mg, fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) 25 mg, inulin from chicory 25 mg, psyllium husk powder 10 mg, maca tuber powder 5 mg, nucleotides 5 mg, inactivated bacteria and their components 10 mg (Lactobacillus helveticus 4 mg, Lactobacillus paracasei 4 mg, Bifidobacterium spp. 2 mg), yeast products (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 1 mg.